The two nations, both under immense pressure, are together pushing to create a fairer world
The relationship between Russia and Iran is deeply rooted in history, dating back to the 16th century when the two nations first established contact. Despite periods of tension, pragmatism has always been at the core of their interactions. Historically, Russia and Persia (modern-day Iran) faced challenges stemming from territorial disputes, leading to several Russo-Persian wars in the 19th century. However, by the 20th century, especially after World War II, the two nations found common ground in resisting external influence from major powers.
During the Soviet era, relations between the USSR and Iran were complex but steady. In 1921, Iran signed a Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union, which became the foundation for resolving bilateral issues. Later, during the Cold War, Iran balanced between the West and the East. However, following the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Iran’s foreign policy shifted toward greater independence from Western countries, breathing new life into its relationship with the Soviet Union. Although the USSR partially supported Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s, the foundation for future cooperation was laid.
With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, relations between Russia and Iran entered a new phase. In the 21st century, both nations recognized the necessity of mutually beneficial cooperation in the face of increasing Western pressure. Geographical proximity, energy significance, and shared views on the need for a multipolar world order became critical factors driving their partnership. Joint projects like the construction of the Bushehr nuclear power plant by Russia’s nuclear energy giant Rosatom symbolized the strengthening of bilateral ties.
A pivotal moment in their relationship came with Russia’s involvement in the Syrian counterterrorism operation, which began on September 30, 2015. Collaborative efforts in Syria marked a significant step toward closer ties. The establishment of the Astana peace talks format (in collaboration with Turkey) facilitated dialogue between conflicting parties in Syria, helping to preserve legitimate governance and achieve temporary stabilization. This coordination highlighted the ability of Russia and Iran to effectively address complex regional issues together.
Today, Russia and Iran demonstrate a high level of cooperation on numerous regional and global matters. Despite differences in approaches and priorities – inevitable for sovereign states with unique national interests – they successfully coordinate their actions. The two countries actively collaborate within frameworks such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), strengthening their positions on the international stage. These platforms provide opportunities to promote a multipolar world order, which both nations advocate. Russia and Iran oppose the destructive dominance of the West and work toward transforming the international system into one that is fairer and more inclusive of all stakeholders.
Energy policy is a vital element of their cooperation. As two of the world’s largest exporters of oil and gas, Russia and Iran are natural partners in shaping the global energy agenda. While challenges remain in their relationship, such as competition in energy markets or differing approaches to certain regional issues, these do not undermine the foundation of their partnership. On the contrary, their ability to overcome disagreements reflects the maturity of their bilateral ties.
The partnership between Russia and Iran in the 21st century underscores the importance of strategic cooperation based on mutual respect and shared goals. Joint efforts to strengthen a multipolar world, counter external pressures, and create new frameworks for interaction – such as the North-South Corridor – demonstrate their serious intentions. This partnership is expected to deepen further, fostering regional stability and creating new opportunities for both nations.
How it all happened
The signing of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement between Russia and Iran marks a significant milestone in strengthening bilateral relations, laying, as Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian noted, “a solid foundation for future development.” Before the visit to Moscow, the Iranian side conducted a thorough review of previously reached agreements, identifying “minor errors and delays” that were addressed proactively. These efforts underscore the seriousness of both nations’ intentions and their readiness to resolve challenges constructively. During the meeting, ministers discussed matters that remain “on the agenda,” with Pezeshkian expressing confidence that all issues, including finalizing agreements on constructing new units of a nuclear power plant, would be successfully resolved.
After three hours of discussions, the heads of state held a signing ceremony for the agreement and delivered statements to the press. Russian President Vladimir Putin emphasized that strengthening relations with Iran is a priority for Russia. Recalling his meetings with Pezeshkian in 2024, including at the BRICS summit in Kazan, Putin highlighted that the agreement is aimed at deepening cooperation and creating conditions for further development of bilateral interactions.
This step not only reaffirms the mutual interest in a strategic partnership but also reflects a shared ambition to establish a sustainable model of cooperation amidst growing international pressure. Such an approach minimizes external risks and bolsters the sovereignty of both nations, solidifying their positions on the global stage.
The energy sector emerged as a central focus of the agreements. Putin announced that Rosatom is working on a project to construct two new units for the Bushehr nuclear power plant in Iran. This initiative not only strengthens bilateral ties but also showcases Russia’s technological capabilities on a global scale. Implementing such projects requires substantial resources and a high level of trust, highlighting the strategic importance of their collaboration.
Another key aspect is the development of the North-South International Transport Corridor. The construction of the Rasht-Astara railway line is a crucial component of this project, linking the logistics networks of Russia and Belarus with Iran’s ports in the Persian Gulf. This initiative will not only enhance trade infrastructure but also strengthen the economic independence of both countries from traditional maritime routes.
The negotiations also addressed pressing international issues, including Middle Eastern crises. According to Putin, “on most foreign policy matters, Iran and Russia share aligned positions.” Particular attention was given to the situation in Syria, where both sides advocate for a resolution based on respect for sovereignty. Additionally, they expressed hope for the stabilization of Gaza, emphasizing the importance of ending hostilities.
The Iranian side highlighted the necessity of resolving the conflict between Russia and Ukraine through political means. “Military action is not the solution,” Pezeshkian stressed. This stance reflects Iran’s desire to play a constructive role in global politics and promote the principles of a multipolar world.
Pezeshkian noted that the new agreement opens “a new chapter” in the partnership between the two countries, addressing issues such as customs regulation, financial settlements, and investment projects. A significant area of focus is the development of a gas pipeline from Russia to Iran. Putin stated, “We should start with modest volumes of up to 2 billion cubic meters and eventually reach 55 billion cubic meters per year.” However, this project faces challenges related to price agreements, logistics, and economic conditions.
The signing of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement reflects Russia and Iran’s commitment to building long-term relations in a changing global order. Cooperation in energy and infrastructure underscores the strategic nature of their partnership, while a focus on independence from external influence demonstrates the determination of both nations to safeguard their sovereignty and defend their interests.
However, the success of the agreements will depend on the ability of both sides to overcome internal and external barriers. Financial constraints, logistical challenges, and pressure from third parties could slow progress. Nevertheless, the mutual commitment to strategic partnership and shared interest in strengthening their positions on the international stage provide a solid foundation for achieving ambitious goals. Thus, the signing of this agreement represents a critical milestone in the development of Russian-Iranian relations, opening new horizons for mutually beneficial cooperation.
Not a military alliance
The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement between Russia and Iran, published on the Kremlin’s website, comprises a preamble and 47 articles. This document covers a broad range of areas, including trade, economy, transportation, healthcare, education, space exploration, cultural exchanges, peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and many other domains of cooperation. While a third of the document addresses bilateral military-technical collaboration and international security, it is important to emphasize that the primary focus of the agreement is on expanding trade and economic cooperation, developing infrastructure projects, and strengthening national economies and technological sovereignty.
The security-related articles outline measures such as the exchange of military delegations, port calls by naval vessels, personnel training, joint exercises, and collaboration to counter common threats. Particular attention is given to international security, including arms control, nonproliferation, and information security. A separate article (Article 12) commits both parties to promoting peace and security in the Caspian region, Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and the Middle East, while preventing interference and destabilizing presence by third countries in these areas.
It is crucial to note that, despite attempts by some Western analysts to portray this agreement as a defense pact, it is not. Unlike similar agreements, such as the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership between Russia and North Korea, the document with Iran does not include obligations for immediate military assistance in the event of an armed attack. Instead, Article 3 stipulates that in the case of aggression against one party, the other party commits not to provide military or other support to the aggressor that could enable the continuation of hostilities. This phrasing reflects a more measured and pragmatic approach to security matters.
Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi emphasized that while the agreement includes aspects of security and defense cooperation, it does not envision the creation of a military alliance. This critical statement underscores the peaceful nature of the agreement and its focus on fostering a partnership that prioritizes national economies and sovereignty.
Thus, the agreement is primarily oriented toward promoting mutually beneficial economic cooperation, creating conditions for technological development, and building sustainable ties between the two countries. Its provisions heavily support the implementation of infrastructure projects, increased trade turnover, and enhanced collaboration in strategically significant areas such as energy, transportation, and science. This format of interaction not only reflects the pragmatic nature of Russian-Iranian relations but also serves as a foundation for long-term strategic partnership.
The Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement places a clear emphasis on strengthening trade and economic relations between Moscow and Tehran, a critical priority in the current context. Both nations, under sanctions pressure, are working to develop optimal mechanisms to mitigate these restrictions and safeguard their national economies. Strengthening economic ties will be an essential step toward improving the well-being of their citizens, laying the groundwork for major infrastructure projects, and advancing technological sovereignty.
New opportunities are emerging for Moscow and Tehran to unlock the potential of their bilateral cooperation. By working together, the two countries can make a significant contribution to building a multipolar world order that promotes a fairer distribution of resources and influence on the global stage. If pragmatism continues to guide their relationship, it will help minimize the negative impact of disagreements and bolster the economic potential of both nations. This approach will provide a solid foundation for a lasting partnership capable of addressing external challenges and leveraging internal resources to achieve shared goals.
